Review the hypothalamus, pituitary, and ovarian axis, and explain the pathophysiology of PCOS. Explain the role of hormones in the development of this disorder. How does PCOS contribute to infertility? Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common hormonal disorder that affects women of reproductive age. It is characterized by the presence of multiple small cysts […]
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Explain the difference between basal and squamous cell carcinoma of the skin. Skin cancer is the most common type of cancer in the United States, with millions of cases being diagnosed each year. There are three main types of skin cancer: basal cell carcinoma (BCC), squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), and melanoma. BCC and SCC
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Rhabdomyolysis is a rapid breakdown of muscle. Detail the pathophysiology behind rhabdomyolysis Rhabdomyolysis is a serious medical condition characterized by the rapid breakdown of skeletal muscle fibers, which can result in the release of myoglobin and other muscle proteins into the bloodstream. This condition can be caused by a variety of factors, including physical
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A child born with osteogenesis imperfecta is at risk for pathological fractures. Explain the pathophysiology of this disorder and the associated risk factors. Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) is a genetic disorder that affects the development and function of collagen, a major component of bone and other connective tissues. It is also known as brittle bone disease
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Both osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis present with several of the same manifestations such as joint pain and stiffness. How can a provider differentiate between the two? Arthritis is a broad term that refers to inflammation and swelling of one or more joints, resulting in pain, stiffness, and limited range of motion. There are different types
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Ms. C is a 28-year-old Casino Floor Manager. She had gestational diabetes during her fourth pregnancy which she delivered about a year ago and during that time she was treated with NPH BID and NovoLog QID with meals. After delivery she started Metformin and then after that Pioglitazone and Sitagliptin and Glimepiride were added. She
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A patient presents in an altered mental state in the ER. What would you consider pathological alterations in this patient? What process would you employ to determine differential diagnoses for this patient? When a patient presents in an altered mental state, it can be a cause of great concern for both the patient and the
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What are the differential considerations of right-sided and left-sided heart failure? What role does pulmonary hypertension play in these types of heart failure? Explain your reasoning. Heart failure is a complex clinical syndrome that occurs when the heart is unable to pump blood efficiently enough to meet the body’s metabolic demands. This can result
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What are the differential considerations of hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism? Explain the clinical reasoning process you would employ to differentiate between these two conditions. Hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism are two distinct medical conditions that result from an imbalance in the production of thyroid hormones. While they may have some overlapping symptoms, they are two different disorders that
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Spinal cord injuries carry a high risk of neurogenic bladder and reflex incontinence. Explain the mechanisms responsible for these disorders. Spinal cord injuries (SCI) can lead to significant physical and functional impairments, including neurogenic bladder and reflex incontinence. These conditions arise from the disruption of the normal neural pathways that control bladder function. Understanding the
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