Fluid and Electrolyte exemplar table

Module 08 Written Assignment – Fluid and Electrolyte Exemplars

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Module 08 Content

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Please complete the Fluid and Electrolyte exemplar table in its entirety.

NUR2790_Module 08_Fluid Electrolytes Exemplars_v2.docx

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Comparison of Fluid Electrolyte Exemplars

	SIADH	Diabetes Insipidus	Acute Renal Failure	Chronic Renal Failure
Pathophysiology
Etiology
Clinical Manifestations including Laboratory data
Interventions
Possible Complications

Comparison of Fluid Electrolyte Exemplars

Category	SIADH	Diabetes Insipidus	Acute Renal Failure	Chronic Renal Failure
Pathophysiology	Excessive release of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) leads to water retention and hyponatremia.	Deficiency of ADH or renal resistance to ADH causing excessive water loss and hypernatremia.	Rapid decline in kidney function leading to an accumulation of waste products and imbalance of fluids and electrolytes.	Progressive loss of kidney function over months or years leading to accumulation of waste products and imbalance of fluids and electrolytes.
Etiology	Often caused by brain injury, infections, lung diseases, certain medications, and malignancies.	Can be neurogenic (damage to the hypothalamus or pituitary gland) or nephrogenic (renal tubules’ inability to respond to ADH).	Causes include ischemia, nephrotoxins, sepsis, and obstruction.	Common causes include diabetes mellitus, hypertension, glomerulonephritis, and polycystic kidney disease.
Clinical Manifestations including Laboratory Data	Hyponatremia, low serum osmolality, high urine osmolality, headache, nausea, vomiting, confusion, seizures.	Polyuria, polydipsia, hypernatremia, high serum osmolality, low urine osmolality, dehydration.	Oliguria or anuria, azotemia, elevated BUN and creatinine, hyperkalemia, metabolic acidosis.	Anemia, fatigue, hypertension, edema, hyperkalemia, hypocalcemia, hyperphosphatemia, elevated BUN and creatinine, metabolic acidosis.
Interventions	Fluid restriction, administration of hypertonic saline, vasopressin receptor antagonists, monitoring of serum sodium and osmolality.	Administration of desmopressin (for neurogenic), thiazide diuretics, low-sodium diet, monitoring of serum sodium and osmolality.	Fluid management, diuretics, electrolyte correction, renal replacement therapy (dialysis), treatment of underlying cause.	Management of underlying cause, dialysis, dietary restrictions, electrolyte management, erythropoietin therapy for anemia, kidney transplant in some cases.
Possible Complications	Severe hyponatremia leading to cerebral edema and seizures.	Severe dehydration, hypovolemic shock, electrolyte imbalances.	Chronic kidney disease, electrolyte imbalances, cardiovascular complications.	Cardiovascular disease, bone disease, hyperkalemia, metabolic acidosis, fluid overload, increased risk of infections.

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