Comparison of Respiratory Disorders

attached is the questions to be compare. please APA citation and referencing is very important. Also please relate it to the dysfunctions in the body

Comparison of Respiratory Disorders

	Asthma	Emphysema	Chronic Bronchitis	Pneumonia
Pathophysiology
Etiology/Population at Risk
Clinical Manifestations including Laboratory data
Typical Nursing Diagnosis
Interventions

Comparison of Respiratory Disorders:

Respiratory Disorders	Pathophysiology	Etiology/Population at Risk	Clinical Manifestations including Laboratory data	Typical Nursing Diagnosis	Interventions
Asthma	Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways that causes recurrent episodes of wheezing, breathlessness, chest tightness, and coughing. The inflammation of the airways causes the muscles to contract, which leads to bronchospasm and narrowing of the airways.	The exact cause of asthma is unknown, but factors that can trigger or worsen asthma symptoms include allergens, air pollution, respiratory infections, exercise, and stress. Asthma affects people of all ages, but it is more common in children and young adults. People with a family history of asthma, allergies, or eczema are also at a higher risk.	Clinical manifestations of asthma include wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, and chest tightness. These symptoms may worsen at night or early in the morning, and may be triggered by exercise, allergens, or irritants. Laboratory data may show an increased eosinophil count and decreased pulmonary function tests.	Ineffective airway clearance related to bronchospasm and airway inflammation	Nursing interventions for asthma include administering bronchodilators, corticosteroids, and anticholinergics to open up the airways and reduce inflammation. Oxygen therapy may also be necessary in severe cases. Education on proper medication administration, self-monitoring, and trigger avoidance is essential for long-term management of asthma (National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, 2021).
Emphysema	Emphysema is a chronic obstructive pulmonary disease that is characterized by destruction of the alveoli in the lungs, resulting in decreased surface area for gas exchange. This causes shortness of breath and difficulty breathing.	Emphysema is most commonly caused by smoking, but can also be caused by exposure to air pollution, occupational dust and chemicals, and genetic factors. It is more common in older adults and those with a history of smoking.	Clinical manifestations of emphysema include shortness of breath, wheezing, coughing, and chest tightness. Laboratory data may show decreased pulmonary function tests and decreased arterial oxygen levels.	Ineffective breathing pattern related to decreased lung function and airway obstruction	Nursing interventions for emphysema include administering bronchodilators, corticosteroids, and oxygen therapy to improve breathing. Pulmonary rehabilitation and breathing exercises can also help improve lung function. Smoking cessation and avoiding exposure to irritants are crucial for preventing further lung damage (American Lung Association, 2021).
Chronic Bronchitis	Chronic bronchitis is a type of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease that is characterized by inflammation and thickening of the bronchial tubes, leading to increased mucus production and narrowing of the airways.	Chronic bronchitis is most commonly caused by smoking, but can also be caused by exposure to air pollution, occupational dust and chemicals, and genetic factors. It is more common in older adults and those with a history of smoking.	Clinical manifestations of chronic bronchitis include a chronic cough that produces mucus, wheezing, shortness of breath, and chest tightness. Laboratory data may show increased sputum production, increased white blood cell count, and decreased pulmonary function tests.	Ineffective airway clearance related to mucus production and airway inflammation	Nursing interventions for chronic bronchitis include administering bron