KM is a 38-year-old white woman with a 6-year history of psoriasis. Her family history includes allergies and asthma and her mother with psoriasis. KM returns today for an increase in symptoms, and she wants to improve the appearance of her skin. Please discuss the following:
- What is the underlying cause of psoriasis?
- What are the common signs and symptoms of this disease?
Psoriasis is a chronic autoimmune disease that primarily affects the skin. While the exact cause of psoriasis is not fully understood, it is believed to be a result of a combination of genetic and environmental factors. In individuals with psoriasis, the immune system mistakenly attacks healthy skin cells, causing them to multiply rapidly and accumulate on the surface of the skin. This process leads to the characteristic symptoms of psoriasis.
The common signs and symptoms of psoriasis include:
- Red patches of skin: Psoriasis typically presents as red, raised patches of skin known as plaques. These patches can be covered with silvery scales and are often well-defined and symmetrical in appearance.
- Thickened and scaly skin: The rapid growth of skin cells in psoriasis leads to thickening of the skin. The affected areas may develop a dry, scaly texture due to the accumulation of dead skin cells.
- Itching and burning: Psoriatic plaques can be itchy and may cause a burning sensation or discomfort. Scratching the affected areas can worsen the symptoms and may even lead to skin damage and infection.
- Nail changes: Psoriasis can also affect the nails, causing them to become pitted, discolored, or separated from the nail bed. Nail psoriasis may lead to crumbling or ridges on the surface of the nails.
- Joint pain and swelling: In some cases, psoriasis is associated with a condition called psoriatic arthritis. This condition causes joint pain, stiffness, and swelling, which can affect any joint in the body.
- Scalp involvement: Psoriasis can affect the scalp, leading to red patches covered with scales. It may cause itching and flaking, similar to dandruff.
It’s important to note that psoriasis can vary in severity and can affect different individuals in different ways. Some people may experience only mild symptoms, while others may have more severe and widespread involvement. If KM is experiencing an increase in symptoms, it would be advisable for her to consult a healthcare professional for proper evaluation and treatment.