Fluid and Electrolyte exemplar table

Module 08 Written Assignment – Fluid and Electrolyte Exemplars

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Comparison of Fluid Electrolyte Exemplars

  SIADH Diabetes Insipidus Acute Renal Failure Chronic Renal Failure
Pathophysiology  

 

 

 

 

     
Etiology  

 

 

 

 

     
Clinical Manifestations including Laboratory data  

 

 

 

 

 

 

     
Interventions  

 

 

 

 

 

     
Possible Complications  

 

 

 

     

Fluid and Electrolyte exemplar table

Comparison of Fluid Electrolyte Exemplars

Category SIADH Diabetes Insipidus Acute Renal Failure Chronic Renal Failure
Pathophysiology Excessive release of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) leads to water retention and hyponatremia. Deficiency of ADH or renal resistance to ADH causing excessive water loss and hypernatremia. Rapid decline in kidney function leading to an accumulation of waste products and imbalance of fluids and electrolytes. Progressive loss of kidney function over months or years leading to accumulation of waste products and imbalance of fluids and electrolytes.
Etiology Often caused by brain injury, infections, lung diseases, certain medications, and malignancies. Can be neurogenic (damage to the hypothalamus or pituitary gland) or nephrogenic (renal tubules’ inability to respond to ADH). Causes include ischemia, nephrotoxins, sepsis, and obstruction. Common causes include diabetes mellitus, hypertension, glomerulonephritis, and polycystic kidney disease.
Clinical Manifestations including Laboratory Data Hyponatremia, low serum osmolality, high urine osmolality, headache, nausea, vomiting, confusion, seizures. Polyuria, polydipsia, hypernatremia, high serum osmolality, low urine osmolality, dehydration. Oliguria or anuria, azotemia, elevated BUN and creatinine, hyperkalemia, metabolic acidosis. Anemia, fatigue, hypertension, edema, hyperkalemia, hypocalcemia, hyperphosphatemia, elevated BUN and creatinine, metabolic acidosis.
Interventions Fluid restriction, administration of hypertonic saline, vasopressin receptor antagonists, monitoring of serum sodium and osmolality. Administration of desmopressin (for neurogenic), thiazide diuretics, low-sodium diet, monitoring of serum sodium and osmolality. Fluid management, diuretics, electrolyte correction, renal replacement therapy (dialysis), treatment of underlying cause. Management of underlying cause, dialysis, dietary restrictions, electrolyte management, erythropoietin therapy for anemia, kidney transplant in some cases.
Possible Complications Severe hyponatremia leading to cerebral edema and seizures. Severe dehydration, hypovolemic shock, electrolyte imbalances. Chronic kidney disease, electrolyte imbalances, cardiovascular complications. Cardiovascular disease, bone disease, hyperkalemia, metabolic acidosis, fluid overload, increased risk of infections.

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