Your written assignment for this module should be a 1-2 page paper (not including
title page and reference page) that describes the following:
• What are the different types of immunities and give an example of each
• Describe how stress impacts the immunity of a person
You should include a minimum of 3 scholarly references. Include a title page, intext citations, and a reference page in APA format.
Title: Understanding Immunity and its Relationship with Stress
Introduction: Immunity is a complex system within the human body responsible for defending against pathogens and foreign substances. This paper explores the different types of immunities and their examples, as well as delves into the impact of stress on the immune system.
Types of Immunity:
- Innate Immunity: Innate immunity is the body’s first line of defense against pathogens and does not require prior exposure to a specific antigen. Examples include physical barriers like the skin and mucous membranes, as well as chemical barriers like stomach acid and enzymes. Additionally, innate immunity involves cellular components such as neutrophils and macrophages, which engulf and destroy pathogens.
- Adaptive Immunity: Adaptive immunity is antigen-specific and develops throughout life as the body encounters various pathogens. This type of immunity involves the production of antibodies and the activation of specific immune cells to target and eliminate pathogens. An example of adaptive immunity is the production of antibodies against the influenza virus after receiving a flu vaccine.
- Passive Immunity: Passive immunity occurs when antibodies are transferred from one individual to another, providing immediate protection. This can happen naturally, such as through maternal antibodies transferred to infants through breast milk, or artificially, through the administration of antibodies derived from immune serum. An example of passive immunity is the administration of anti-venom to treat snake bites.
Impact of Stress on Immunity: Stress can have a profound impact on the immune system, potentially compromising its ability to effectively respond to pathogens. Chronic stress has been associated with dysregulation of the immune system, leading to increased susceptibility to infections and slower wound healing.
One way stress impacts immunity is through the release of stress hormones such as cortisol and adrenaline. These hormones suppress the immune response by reducing the production of immune cells and antibodies, making the body more vulnerable to infections. Additionally, stress can disrupt the balance of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines, further impairing immune function.
Furthermore, stress can also influence health behaviors that indirectly affect immunity, such as poor sleep, unhealthy diet, and lack of exercise. These lifestyle factors can weaken the immune system, making individuals more susceptible to illness.
Conclusion: In conclusion, immunity is a vital defense mechanism that protects the body against pathogens and foreign substances. Understanding the different types of immunities, including innate, adaptive, and passive, is crucial for comprehending how the immune system functions. Moreover, recognizing the impact of stress on immunity highlights the importance of managing stress effectively to maintain optimal immune function and overall health.
References:
- Cohen, S., Janicki-Deverts, D., & Miller, G. E. (2007). Psychological stress and disease. JAMA, 298(14), 1685-1687.
- Janeway, C. A., Travers, P., Walport, M., & Shlomchik, M. J. (2001). Immunobiology: The immune system in health and disease (5th ed.). Garland Science.
- Segerstrom, S. C., & Miller, G. E. (2004). Psychological stress and the human immune system: A meta-analytic study of 30 years of inquiry. Psychological Bulletin, 130(4), 601-630.