Week 3 Discussion
What is the difference between high- middle- and low-range theories? Explain your
understanding of a middle-range nursing theory. Identify a research study in which a
middle-range theory was applied. Discuss the study results and implications for practice.
NOTE: 1 PAGE FOR WEEK 3 DISCUSSION
Reference Page 58 pdf link below
https://dl.icdst.org/pdfs/files/b2484ef395b04e39ceebb9aade53b904.pdf
Week 3 Nursing Theorist Video Reflection
Complete a nursing theorist video analysis/reflection of one of the nursing theorist
videos provided in the course. We highly recommend that you watch as many of these
videos as you can throughout the course. This is a great opportunity for you to see and
hear directly from the actual theorists that you are reading about in the text.
After watching one of the theorist videos, reflect on what you have learned.
Compose a paper that addresses the following:
1. Explain why you chose to watch this particular theorist’s video.
2. Describe the parts of your personal philosophy where you agree or disagree
with this theorist.
3. Is there anything that surprised you in the video? If so, what surprised you?
4. Would you recommend this video to another student? If so, why would you
recommend it?
5. What value did you receive from watching it?
Your paper should be 2–3 pages in length, in APA style, typed in Times New Roman with
12-point font, and double-spaced with 1″ margins. If outside sources are used, they must
be cited appropriately.
NOTE: ATLEAST 2 PAGES FOR VIDEO REFLECTION, PLS COMPOSE THE PAPER
HIGHLITING 5 QUESTIONS ABOVE. The videos captions is below.
VIDEO Florence Nightingale: Life and Work
• The nurse theorists portraits of excellence in the Special Two Part Edition, we featured
Florence Nightingale.
0:13
• My father, William Edward Shaw, came from a family well recognized for their sympathy to
and support of humanitarian and liberal causes.
0:37
• His grandmother’s brother, his great uncle Peter Nightingale of Lee Derbyshire, died,
0:46
• leaving my father at the age of nine, the surviving male heir when my father became twenty
one in 1815.
0:52
• He legally assumed the Nightingale name and inherited great wealth when, as he called
himself, was well-educated and had a reflective,
1:00
• speculative intellect with an indolent, indecisive nature which made it easy for him to avoid
argument and conflict.
1:08
• My mother, Frances Smith, who was six years older than my father, came from a family of 11
children, 10 of whom survived into old age.
1:17
• The family circle was very large. Papa said We have 27 first cousins and two dozen aunts and
uncles and four grandparents.
1:27
• My mother’s father, William Smith, had inherited the family’s considerable wealth derived
from a merchant business.
1:37
• Much of our family’s humanitarian work stemmed from grandfather Smith’s example.
1:44
• Mama was a beauty. Neither my sister policy nor I inherited any of her good looks.
1:50
• My mother had a genius of order, the genius to organize a parish to form a society.
1:56
• She had obtained by her own exertions the best society in England for us.
2:03
• William Nightingale and Francis Smith were joined in marriage at St Margaret’s in
Westminster in June of 1818.
2:10
• Following their wedding, they embarked upon an extensive wedding trip in southern Europe,
mostly in Italy.
2:17
• It was during the extended honeymoon that the Nightingales gave birth to their two
daughters, Frances Percent.
2:23
• APY was born in Naples on April 19th, 1819, and on May 12th, 1820, Florence was born in the
Italian city for which she was named.
2:29
• Shortly after my birth, Mama began to urge Papa to take us all home to England and papa
designed Lee Hurst, the home I loved so much.
2:42
• Mama has ambitions require that the family occupy a prominent place in London social life.
2:52
• And Lee Hurst was to countrified and remote from London and the kind of entertaining she
envisioned.
2:58
• So Papa purchased Embley Hall in Hampshire and his date of 2000 acres closer to London.
3:04
• I had a sickly childhood, I had weak hands and feet and wore leg braces and steel boots.
3:13
• I was shy to misery. I believed I was different from other people.
3:19
• Meeting new people was a dread. I believed I would make serious social errors in other’s
presence.
3:23
• The guilt and terror I experienced separated me from others.
3:30
• But the happiest time of my life was during a year’s illness, which I had when I was six years
old.
3:34
• During this time, I first became aware of some kind of a call from God to dedication to his
service.
3:41
• I stopped being terrified and began to resist and dislike the life of ease I had.
3:48
• Life at Embley was very luxurious and comfortable for the nightingales, Mrs. Nightingale’s
father had an active social and political life in London.
3:56
• Florence’s mother dreamed of a similar life for Florence’s father when Nightingale therefore
became a candidate for parliament in 1835.
4:05
• He, however, refused to bribe the voters, as was common.
4:14
• Practice at this time would spell defeat for him and put an end to the political and social
lifestyle of Mrs. Nightingale’s dreams.
4:17
• When following his defeat, retreated to a quiet life in the social shadows, a lifestyle that
certainly did not suit his wife.
4:25
• Mrs Nightingale promptly turned all of her drive and ambition into creating a proper
atmosphere for launching Plaza and Florence into society.
4:34
• The family seemed to be in perpetual motion summers at Lee Hurst,
4:43
• part of the fall and spring social seasons at a suite in the Burlington Hotel in London, and
most winters were spent in Embling.
4:47
• Florence did not enjoy this lifestyle, however. She took great pleasure in the education that
her quiet father provided.
4:55
• Papa, believe that the female mine should be instructed beyond the household arts and
needlework,
5:04
• although we entertain no ideas about how to exercise such faculties.
5:10
• So Papa undertook our education, teaching his Latin, Greek, French, German and Italian,
5:14
• social and political history, philosophy and grammar composition and mathematics.
5:20
• The schedule he set for us was rigorous to complete my lessons or to study subjects of great
interest.
5:25
• To me, I would arise about four o’clock studying, thinking, reading reports, writing,
5:31
• keeping records, being accurate, detailed, neat and persevering with my trademarks to Papa.
5:37
• I owe my well-trained intellectual abilities. Path was different, not caring overly for these
traits or for studying.
5:44
• She was irresponsible like a butterfly.
5:54
• All the relatives and even Gail, our nurse, said Pathé had a happy nature and that I did not,
but that I had a great desire to be useful.
5:57
• When I studied with Papa and enjoyed our reflective discussions, Pathé joined Mama in her
activities and became resentful of Papa and me.
6:06
• Percy and Florence did not get along very well at all until they were in their forties.
6:17
• Their parents were aware of their incompatibilities and frequent disagreements. Florence
certainly realized that her travels to Rome, Paris,
6:22
• Egypt and Athens were often arranged to pacify her while simultaneously separating her
from Parsi.
6:30
• By the time I reached 16 in 1836, I put away bandaging and repairing our dolls and was
engaged in some useful work.
6:39
• One time I helped the pastor at Embley mend a shepherd’s dog’s leg.
6:49
• I also nursed villages who was sick, their ill children, as well as trying to teach them their
letters and sums and about God.
6:53
• But in my habit of self-examination, it seemed that I was dreaming more about what I
wanted to do than really doing it.
7:01
• But I was not sure what God wanted me to do. During the winter of 1837, there was much
sickness at Embley.
7:08
• In January, the entire Nightingale household had the influenza, say, Florence and one servant.
7:18
• For three months, Florence nursed her parents sister to cousins and 15 servants.
7:25
• It was in the midst of this satisfying experience of being needed and useful that Florence felt
her first call from God.
7:31
• I always remembered the date February the 7th 1837, as the day God spoke to me and called
me to his service.
7:40
• Although the path I was to take was not clear to me.
7:49
• All the illness that spring, as well as my mom’s efforts to enlarge and renovate Embley and
polish policies in my social graces,
7:55
• which she felt so necessary for brilliant marriages, decided Papa on a continental tour.
8:02
• We left England September the 8th 1837 and for 19 months made an extensive tour of
France and Italy.
8:09
• While we were in Paris, I met Mary Clarke, whom I called Clarke.
8:18
• We became great friends. Clarke was independent of traditional conventions,
8:22
• had a wide circle of famous men and women of good breeding and intelligence who shared
her human and intellectual interests from Clarke’s lifestyle.
8:27
• I saw that it was possible for a man and a woman to have a close friendship that excluded
passion and did not provoke scandal.
8:37
• That became my belief also during our sojourn abroad.
8:45
• God never spoke to me, and I questioned why. Only to realize that I was unworthy.
8:50
• I love to shine in society. Loved pleasure so much in resolving, to make myself worthy to be
God’s servant.
8:57
• It was necessary for me to overcome the temptation to shine in society and to turn away
from that life, which I really did like.
9:05
• This was not easy to do. Former more determined that we should marry well, arranged a very
active and extensive social calendar for policy and me.
9:15
• Florence’s mother was pleased that Florence had lost her best fulness and was able to
converse
9:26
• on many subjects and in several languages with the notable people that Florence’s father
knew,
9:31
• especially the men in public office who graced their home. Mrs. Nightingale best when
relatives and friends expressed approval at Florence’s grace,
9:36
• charm and self-assurance, one of the subjects on which we had heady discussions at home,
9:46
• especially with Aunt Julia and Cousin Hillary, was the position of women question and their
power and right to work.
9:51
• From the time I was about 17, I cared for many of my relatives and their illnesses, as well as
helping when new babies arrived.
10:00
• I was very glad to walk in the shadow of death, as I did when Grandmother Shaw was
threatened with paralysis.
10:09
• There is something in the stillness and silence of it which level is all earthly troubles.
10:17
• God tempers our wings in the stillness of that valley.
10:23
• But the social schedule Mama established left little, if any, time to engage in study reflective
on serious subjects or work among the villages.
10:28
• I railed, as Clark said, with a nailed tongue against my life.
10:37
• While policy was contented to stay at home, I desired a more active life outside the family.
10:43
• Still, Mama insisted we learned to manage a household, but housekeeping tasks made me
question the need of so many possessions.
10:49
• I cannot help asking in my head, Can reasonable people want all this?
10:57
• Is all that China linen glass really necessary?
11:02
• For six years after my return from Europe, I struggled to learn how God intended me to serve
him.
11:07
• And by 18 44 began to believe that nursing was the way.
11:14
• Papa could not understand why I wanted an active life.
11:19
• He said I was vain and selfish. I examined myself about these assertions and believe they
were not true.
11:23
• It would mean that God’s call to me was a delusion.
11:30
• I saw a poor woman die before my eyes because there was no one but fools to sit up with
her who poisoned her as much as if they had given her arsenic.
11:34
• I had a little plan, which I kept in silence until the fall of 1845.
11:43
• It was to be a nurse at Salisbury Hospital for a few months and learned the practice
11:50
• at Mama was terrified not only about the physically revolting parts of a hospital,
11:55
• but things about the surgeons and nurses that you may guess.
12:00
• In any event, nothing would be done that year, and I did not believe ever, and I felt no
advantage would come of my living on.
12:05
• Yet I was almost heartbroken when my mom’s social plans forced me to leave, leave her.
12:13
• There were so many duties which lay near at hand, and I would have been well content to do
them all the days of my life.
12:19
• I left so many poor friends there whom I shall never see again, and so much might have been
done for them.
12:26
• I feel my sympathies are with ignorance and poverty. The things which interest me interest
my poor friends.
12:33
• We are alike and expecting little from life, much from God.
12:41
• My imagination is so filled with the misery of this world that the only thing which brings relief
seems to be helping and sympathizing there.
12:45
• When Florence was about 24, Lord Ashley-Cooper, Chef Sabri,
12:55
• the Prussian Ambassador Chevalier and Mrs Bunsen people who were all concerned about
the quality of Victorian life
13:00
• began sending Florence government reports and books on social subjects during a visit to
the Nightingale home.
13:07
• The German ambassador Bunsen told Florence about Kaiser’s visit an institution in Germany
established
13:14
• by the Lutheran pastor Theodore Fleenor and his wife for the training of deaconess as nurses.
13:19
• In 1846, the ambassador sent me the yearbook of the institution of deaconess.
13:27
• I knew that there is my home, there are my brothers and sisters all at work.
13:32
• They have my heart is and their I trust will one day be my body.
13:38
• I did not mention my desire to go to Kaiser’s vows to a soul.
13:42
• During the years that I was participating in the bad social world, mama provided and
wrestling with my own thoughts about my purpose in life.
13:48
• Two men propose marriage to me when I was about twenty four.
13:56
• Henry Nicholson, a cousin, insisted on an answer which had to be no.
14:01
• Because we know that intermarriage between relations is in direct contravention to the laws
of nature.
14:06
• My parents supported me in this decision, which caused me much pain,
14:12
• and I prayed to cleanse all my love from the desire of creating an interest in another’s heart.
14:16
• The second proposal of marriage was much more difficult to refuse in the intervening six or
seven years,
14:24
• I longed for a love so great that we may lay aside all care for our own happiness.
14:30
• I believe that marrying a man of high and good purpose and following up that purpose with
him is the happiest state, the highest.
14:37
• The only true love is when two persons a man and a woman who have an attraction
14:44
• for one another unite together in some true purpose for mankind and for God.
14:49
• I think God has, however, clearly marked out some to be single women,
14:55
• as he has others to be wives and has organized them accordingly for their vacation.
15:00
• Richard Monkton Milnes was a charming, witty, well-bred man of many talents.
15:08
• He moved in the best circles of society. Florence and Richard saw more and more of each
other over the course of about eight or nine years.
15:13
• He shared Florence’s social sympathies and concerns, and for several years he asked for her
hand in marriage.
15:21
• In analyzing my feelings about considering marrying him,
15:29
• I realized I have an intellectual nature which requires satisfaction and that I would find it in
him.
15:32
• I have a passionate nature which requires satisfaction and that I would find it in him.
15:38
• I have a moral and active nature which requires satisfaction and that I would not find it in his
life.
15:44
• I could not satisfy this nature by spending a life with him, making society and by arranging
domestic things.
15:51
• I could not bear his life to be nailed to a continuation and exaggeration of my present life
without hope of another would be intolerable to me.
15:58
• My mother was extremely disappointed in my decision to not marry Richard Monckton Mills,
16:09
• and her anger turned into resentment and hostility toward me and my desire for a life
outside the family.
16:14
• It became a contest of wills as she became very obstinate and determined.
16:21
• I should not have my way. Maternal solicitude, love and kindness were forgotten.
16:25
• At this point in time, I suffered much and said little, but my physical and mental health
deteriorated markedly.
16:31
• My dreaming became uncontrollable also, and I was in a trance.
16:38
• Losing sense of time and place, insomnia and pacing in my room occupied my nights.
16:43
• Mama determined that since I was such a disappointment, I may as well lead a life of refined
scholarship and literary ease.
16:50
• So off I went with dear old friends in October 1849 to Egypt, and in early December I began
to sail up to the Nile.
16:57
• But my dreaming and trounces did not cease. The pain was acute pain from losing Richard
Monckton Milne’s constant sympathy,
17:05
• the continual strain of living an inactive life and the pain of knowing I lacked the purity of
motive necessary to fit me for my task when it came.
17:15
• My guilt about my dreaming caused me to believe I was losing my mind.
17:25
• But God called me three times, and on March the 7th, 18:50 asked me if I would do good for
him, for him alone, without the reputation.
17:29
• In the next two days, I thought much upon this question. And during a half hour I had by
myself in the cabin, I settled the question with God.
17:40
• And I strove all my life to disassociate my work for God from any taint of worldliness.
17:49
• In Athens, I became 30, the age at which Christ began his mission.
17:57
• Now, no more children, things, no more vain things, no more love, no more marriage.
18:03
• Now, Lord, let me only think of thy will. But my dejection really did not leave me on this trip
from Athens and Egypt, I had never felt so bad.
18:09
• The habit of living not in the present but in a future of dreams was gradually spreading over
my whole existence.
18:21
• It was rapidly approaching the state of madness when dreams become realities.
18:28
• Miss Nightingale spirits finally began to lift during her stay in Berlin.
18:34
• She was able to visit German hospitals and other social institutions. And on July 31st,
Florence reached Kaiser’s fifth.
18:39
• I could hardly believe I was there and had the same feeling with which a pilgrim first looks on
the Kidron,
18:48
• but upon returning home, as Miss Nightingale told of her Kaiser’s various experience, violent
scenes erupted.
18:56
• Her mother and sister wailed their shame and embarrassment for they felt their reputations
ruined.
19:04
• Miss Nightingale responded as she wrote in her diary on Christmas Eve.
19:10
• My God, what is to become of me in my thirty first year?
19:14
• I can see nothing desirable but death. And yet my present life is suicide.
19:19
• By the time I reached thirty two, it was obvious to me and Aunt May Selina Bracebridge and
Elizabeth Herbert that
19:26
• I would have to leave my home in order to pursue my life in useful activities.
19:33
• I returned to Kaiser’s base for about three months to better prepare myself for nursing work.
19:38
• Papa, who had become more sympathetic to my interests,
19:44
• settled an annual income on me which assured my independence Aunt May and Selena with
any instrumental in this decision,
19:47
• which in 1853 enabled me to take a position as the unpaid superintendent of an
establishment for gentle women on Harley Street.
19:55
• In taking this post, however, I stipulated that I would be free to leave after one year there.
20:03
• By October 1854, however, the Crimean War had catapulted the British Empire into a terrible
conflict.
20:10
• Newspapers were reporting about the horrible sufferings and neglect of the British soldier.
20:17
• Sidney Herbert, the secretary of state for war who missed Nightingale,
20:22
• had known since meeting him in Rome in the winter of 1847 48, wrote Miss Nightingale,
20:26
• asking her if she would undertake under the auspices of Her Majesty’s Government,
20:33
• the Superintendency of a Group of English women to be sent out as nurses.
20:37
• He proposed it as an experiment to demonstrate the efficacy of introducing women nurses
into military hospitals.
20:42
• Miss Nightingale’s letter to Sidney Herbert’s wife Elizabeth, crossed Sydney’s letter in the mail
in Mr Nightingale’s letter to Elizabeth.
20:49
• She volunteered to go out with one other nurse at her own expense after a lengthy
discussion.
20:57
• However, Miss Nightingale accepted Mr Herbert’s offer and within ten days,
21:04
• the original Nightingale Crimea Nursing Party of 38 was organized and left London for
Scutari.
21:08
• All in all, I had one hundred and twenty five women under my authority,
21:17
• although there were two hundred and twenty nine who served in the various hospitals there.
21:21
• Scutari and the Crimea were to crucibles to test endurance, and I resolve to stand out the war
with any man.
21:27
• Memories of the frozen and starved, wounded, sick, dying and dead was seared into my soul,
as were callousness,
21:35
• ignorance, neglect and wanton disregard for human life on the part of British military officers.
21:43
• Ten thousand soldiers died in the six months colossal calamity of that terrible winter of 1854
to 1855.
21:49
• Not a man arose to say this shall not be and to show how it need not be,
21:58
• to suggest an organization to save the army who will find the truth and tell it in the way that
Rouse is a generation.
22:03
• I stand at the altar of murdered men, and while I live, I fight their cause.
22:11
• Such were the reasons why I put nursing interests aside and devoted the next 10 to 15 years
of my life to military reform.
22:18
• After returning to England, Miss Nightingale spent two years researching and writing a report
on the Health
22:28
• Efficiency and Hospital Administration of the British Army during the Crimean War.
22:33
• Miss Nightingale chronicled detailed, charted and graft the lessons of the Crimean War.
22:39
• Very powerful conclusions and recommendations were drawn from Florence’s research.
22:45
• Her statistical data revealed the British soldier essentially enlisted to his death since the
22:51
• majority of deaths were due to preventable illnesses such as starvation and lack of sanitation.
22:56
• Miss Nightingale cited example upon example of soldiers that died not of battle wounds, but
of the need for improved administration,
23:02
• better training of military physicians or the keeping of more accurate medical statistics.
23:11
• This report was requested by Lord Pénurie, the Secretary of State for War.
23:17
• At this time, I believed in the power of the pen and the power of statistics that report and my
report to the several royal commissions
23:21
• on the British Army contained much convincing statistical data which Parliament and the war
office found hard to ignore.
23:31
• Nor did I let them. During my work at Scutari and after I recovered from a near-fatal attack of
Crimea and fever,
23:39
• the British people decide to present me with a personal testimonial.
23:48
• I rejected all suggestions of that which would permit me to continue my work, perhaps like
an English Kaiser’s farce.
23:52
• Well, there I was in Scutari, surrounded by dirt disease, the dying and the dead,
23:59
• and the committee to collect the fund to establish a school for nurses asked me for the plan
for the school.
24:05
• People seem to think I had nothing to do but sit at Scutari and make plans.
24:11
• I responded that if the public chose to recognize my services and my judgment in this
manner,
24:16
• they must leave those services and that judgment unfettered.
24:21
• Hence, the creation of the Nightingale Fund resulted in the establishment of the School of
Nurses at St Thomas Hospital,
24:24
• which in 1860 I lodged in the hands of Sarah Wardrobe, a matron of the hospital, and went
on with my work in military reform until about 1870 to.
24:30
• The disaster of the crime and war convinced me that the health of the army was
24:41
• largely dependent upon the health of the British citizen from which they enlisted.
24:46
• So I urge the teaching of health to mothers and the establishment of district nursing for the
care
24:50
• of the sick at home because every woman at some part of her life has the charge of a family
member.
24:56
• I wrote notes on nursing in 1860.
25:02
• This little book was meant simply to give hints the thought to women who have personal
charge of the health of others.
25:06
• The notes were by no means intended to teach nurses to teach themselves to nurse still less
as a manual to teach nurses to nurse.
25:12
• Social customs of my day prohibited a woman from holding public office, but the need for
reform and change was great.
25:22
• So I resolved to use the power of my name. Behind the scenes and in writing about issues
such as prostitution,
25:29
• land reform and irrigation in India, famine, immigration, Bulgarian atrocities and religion.
25:36
• And for many years, associates and friends were in strategic or well-placed government,
military and civil positions.
25:43
• In this way, I was able to help the health and welfare of the British soldier as in creating more
livable housing.
25:51
• The sanitation of the army in India, establishing a school for the training of the Army Medical
Officer,
25:57
• the sanitary construction of military hospitals,
26:03
• the reform of work houses and the introduction of nursing there, as well as into military
hospitals in peacetime and midwifery.
26:06
• My life, so many new and headed scientific discoveries, such as the germ theory, which I
rejected.
26:15
• I never forgot the lessons learned at Scutari.
26:22
• What I couldn’t see, I didn’t believe I saw the results of dirt in Scutari and it was dirt, not
germs that helped destroy the British Army.
26:25
• My correspondence came from all over the world, and I willingly shared my advice and
opinions about sanitation,
26:37
• health, nursing and education as I believe they ought to be.
26:44
• And uninfluenced too much by the Scientific Revolution or social change.
26:47
• The development of nursing schools followed. Mrs Wardrobe was designed at St Thomas’s
by 1872,
26:53
• when the other pressures of my work lessened and I had the opportunity to turn my
attention to the school there.
27:01
• The system was pretty embedded, but corrections were indicated and slowly they were
implemented.
27:06
• But few persons ever read my philosophical or religious treatises in which I described the
laws governing the universe,
27:13
• God’s purpose for man or man’s place in an interactive universe.
27:20
• Nor did they reconcile my concepts of an earlier age with a rapidly changing technological
and industrial era.
27:25
• But my followers certainly carried my message that nursing was the promotion of health,
27:34
• the restoration of the human being to a healthy state and the prevention of disease.
27:39
• The basis of nursing was the emphasis upon the human being, the environment, health and
the provision of the humanitarian service called nursing.
27:45
• Many honors were given to me that, most of all, I acknowledge the development of statistics
as a science.
27:57
• The civilization of hospitals, military and medical reform.
28:04
• Hospital, nursing and midwifery and district all visiting nursing.
28:08
• By 19 02, Miss Nightingale was confined to her bed.
28:13
• However, she still received important visitors, her memory, eyesight and mental
apprehension were failing.
28:17
• When King Edward, the seventh wrote to offer Miss Nightingale the order of Merit,
28:25
• the first woman to be so honored, all she could say was to kind to kind on its presentation.
28:29
• A short recording and an old wax cylinder in 1890 made by Miss Nightingale in a message to
the army is all that remains of Miss Nightingale’s voice.
28:38
• Well, I know that he even Afghanistan.
28:49
• Plus, I’m very. But right, right, that’s right, that’s right.
28:57
• Well, I find that. The facts are Catherine Salmon, Martha Reeves, Hmm, hmm.
29:08
• She never did forget her Crimean comrades.
